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Passport Tax Map

Put a second passport on the tax map: personal income tax, capital gains, taxation basis and CRS across jurisdictions.

Tax comparison workbench

Citizenship ≠ tax residency: an extra passport does not by itself change where you pay tax — only a genuine move of tax residence (home, days, center of life) does.

Pick two to four jurisdictions and compare taxation basis, rates and CRS side by side — table first, rate profiles alongside.

Popular comparisons

🇨🇳 China vs 🇸🇬 Singapore🇨🇳 China vs 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates🇭🇰 Hong Kong vs 🇸🇬 Singapore🇨🇳 China vs 🇵🇹 Portugal🇨🇳 China vs 🇸🇬 Singapore vs 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
Open the comparison workbench →

Four taxation bases, four second-passport strategies

What a second passport means for tax depends on the basis a jurisdiction uses to tax individuals. Start with the groups, then open the full table.

Territorial

Only locally sourced income is taxed; foreign income generally is not.

Hybrid

Special resident regimes or remittance rules reshape the taxable scope — common in European programs.

Worldwide

Tax residents are taxed on worldwide income; the planning lever is residence itself.

Full comparison table

CRS participantCRS non-participant

Color temperature maps public tax rates and regime types only; it says nothing about asset safety.

JurisdictionTop personal income taxCapital gains taxTaxation basisCRSWealth taxInheritance/estate taxSpecial regime
🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda AG0%0%Zero taxParticipatesNoneNone—
🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN0%0%Zero taxParticipatesNoneNone—
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates AE0%0%Zero taxParticipatesNoneNone9% federal corporate tax since 2023 (15% global minimum tax for large multinationals); 0% personal income tax
🇻🇺 Vanuatu VU0%0%Zero taxParticipatesNoneNone—
🇳🇷 Nauru NR0%0%TerritorialParticipatesNoneNone—
🇵🇾 Paraguay PY10%8%TerritorialNot participatingNoneNone—
🇲🇴 Macao MO12%0%TerritorialParticipatesNoneNone—
🇭🇰 Hong Kong HK17%0%TerritorialParticipatesNoneNone—
🇬🇪 Georgia GE20%—TerritorialParticipatesNoneNoneForeign-source personal income exempt; 1% turnover regime for small individual businesses
🇵🇦 Panama PA25%10%TerritorialParticipatesNoneNone—
🇬🇩 Grenada GD28%0%TerritorialParticipatesNoneNone—
🇲🇾 Malaysia MY30%0%TerritorialParticipatesNoneNoneQualifying foreign-source income remitted by individuals exempt through the end of 2036
🇲🇺 Mauritius MU20%0%HybridParticipatesNoneNoneResident individuals taxed on foreign income on the remittance basis
🇸🇬 Singapore SG24%0%HybridParticipatesNoneNoneForeign-source personal income generally exempt when remitted to Singapore (anti-avoidance exceptions apply)
🇱🇨 Saint Lucia LC30%0%HybridParticipatesNoneNoneIndividuals who are resident but not ordinarily resident are taxed on foreign income on the remittance basis
🇲🇹 Malta MT35%—HybridParticipatesNoneNoneResident non-doms taxed on the remittance basis; multiple residence/citizenship programmes
🇹🇭 Thailand TH35%—HybridParticipatesNoneYesForeign income of LTR (Long-Term Resident) visa holders may be exempt
🇹🇼 Taiwan TW40%—HybridNot participatingNoneYesOverseas income excluded from consolidated income tax; counted only toward the individual basic tax (threshold NTD 7.5M, 20% rate)
🇧🇬 Bulgaria BG10%10%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇭🇺 Hungary HU15%15%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇲🇪 Montenegro ME15%15%WorldwideNot participatingNoneYes—
🇦🇲 Armenia AM20%—WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇰🇭 Cambodia KH20%—WorldwideNot participatingNoneNone—
🇪🇪 Estonia EE22%22%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇨🇿 Czech Republic CZ23%23%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇵🇱 Poland PL32%19%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇨🇦 Canada CA33%—WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇨🇾 Cyprus CY35%0%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNoneNon-doms exempt from Special Defence Contribution on dividends and interest for 17 years; 60-day tax-residency rule
🇩🇲 Dominica DM35%0%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇮🇩 Indonesia ID35%—WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇺🇸 United States US37%20%WorldwideNot participatingNoneYesCitizenship-based taxation: US citizens and green-card holders are taxed on worldwide income regardless of residence; expatriation may trigger an exit tax
🇳🇿 New Zealand NZ39%0%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone4-year transitional exemption on foreign passive income for new migrants and returnees
🇮🇪 Ireland IE40%33%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYesNon-doms taxed on foreign income and gains on the remittance basis
🇹🇷 Turkey TR40%—WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇱🇺 Luxembourg LU42%0%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇮🇹 Italy IT43%26%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYesNew residents may elect an annual EUR 300,000 substitute tax covering all foreign income (up to 15 years)
🇬🇷 Greece GR44%15%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYesInbound non-doms may elect an annual EUR 100,000 flat tax covering all foreign income (up to 15 years)
🇦🇺 Australia AU45%—WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇨🇳 China CN45%20%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇫🇷 France FR45%30%WorldwideParticipatesYesYes—
🇩🇪 Germany DE45%26.375%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇯🇵 Japan JP45%20.315%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYesNon-permanent resident regime: foreign income not remitted to Japan is untaxed during the first 5 years of residence
🇰🇷 South Korea KR45%—WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇬🇧 United Kingdom GB45%24%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYesNon-dom remittance basis abolished from April 2025; replaced by a 4-year foreign income and gains (FIG) exemption for new residents
🇪🇸 Spain ES47%30%WorldwideParticipatesYesYesBeckham law: qualifying inbound employees taxed at 24% on Spanish-source income for up to 6 years
🇳🇴 Norway NO47.4%37.84%WorldwideParticipatesYesNone—
🇵🇹 Portugal PT48%28%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNoneNHR closed; successor IFICI ("NHR 2.0"): 20% rate on qualifying professional income
🇳🇱 Netherlands NL49.5%—WorldwideParticipatesYesYesExpat regime with a partial salary exemption (30% ruling, being scaled down)
🇧🇪 Belgium BE50%10%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇩🇰 Denmark DK52%42%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇸🇪 Sweden SE52%30%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇦🇹 Austria AT55%27.5%WorldwideParticipatesNoneNone—
🇫🇮 Finland FI—34%WorldwideParticipatesNoneYes—
🇷🇸 Serbia RS—15%WorldwideNot participatingNoneYes—
🇨🇭 Switzerland CH—0%WorldwideParticipatesYesYesForeign nationals may opt for lump-sum taxation (forfait; tax base negotiated on living expenses)

A dash means no value is provided. Rate fields show top nominal rates.

Notes by jurisdiction
  • 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda — CBI country. Personal income tax was abolished in 2016, but residents pay Unincorporated Business Tax (UBT) of 0–25% on self-employment, partnership and other unincorporated business income; no capital gains, estate or wealth taxes. Corporate tax 25%.
  • 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis — CBI country. No personal income tax, and individuals pay no capital gains tax; companies are taxed on gains from assets disposed of within one year of acquisition (at half the corporate rate, capped at 20%). Corporate tax 25%. No estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates — No personal income, capital gains, estate or wealth taxes; a 9% federal corporate tax applies since 2023 (15% DMTT for large multinationals). One of the most popular zero-personal-tax bases for second-passport buyers.
  • 🇻🇺 Vanuatu — CBI country. No personal income, corporate income, capital gains, estate or wealth taxes; revenue relies on VAT and fees.
  • 🇳🇷 Nauru — CBI country. No general personal income tax (a 10% employment and services tax applies to certain local payments). Business taxation uses business profits / small business taxes with rates varying by category and threshold, so no single corporate tax rate is shown.
  • 🇵🇾 Paraguay — Territorial system — foreign income exempt. Personal services income 8–10%, capital gains flat 8%, corporate 10%.
  • 🇲🇴 Macao — Territorial system; professional tax tops out at 12% and complementary (corporate) tax at 12%. No capital gains, estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇭🇰 Hong Kong — Territorial system taxing only Hong Kong-source income; salaries tax capped at 17% progressive (15%/16% standard rate). No capital gains tax, no estate duty (abolished 2006), no wealth tax.
  • 🇬🇪 Georgia — Flat 20% with foreign-source individual income exempt — attractive for offshore earners. Gains vary: taxed as income at 20%, residential property held 2+ years exempt, individual-to-individual sales often relieved, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Corporate tax follows the Estonian model — 15% only on distribution. CRS exchanges since 2024.
  • 🇵🇦 Panama — Strictly territorial — foreign income is untaxed. Panama-source income up to 25% for individuals, capital gains 10%. No estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇬🇩 Grenada — CBI country. Tax applies to Grenada-source income only, at up to 28%; no capital gains, estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇲🇾 Malaysia — Broadly territorial; top personal rate 30%. No general capital gains tax for individuals, but real property gains tax (RPGT) up to 30% depending on holding period. No estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇲🇺 Mauritius — Progressive personal tax up to 20%; residents' foreign income is taxed only when remitted. No capital gains, estate or wealth taxes; corporate 15%.
  • 🇸🇬 Singapore — Residents taxed on Singapore-source income at up to 24%; foreign income received by individuals is generally exempt (territorial-plus-remittance hybrid). No capital gains, estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia — CBI country. Individuals who are resident or ordinarily resident are taxed on worldwide income at up to 30%; those who are resident but not ordinarily resident are taxed on foreign income only when remitted. No capital gains tax.
  • 🇲🇹 Malta — CBI/residence hub. Resident non-doms are taxed on Malta-source income and remitted foreign income only. Gains are mostly taxed as income (up to 35%) with an 8% final transfer tax on property, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Corporate rate 35% nominal but effectively ~5% for foreign shareholders via refunds. No inheritance tax (stamp duty on property transfers).
  • 🇹🇭 Thailand — Top rate 35%. Residents' foreign income is taxed when remitted (since 2024, regardless of the year earned). SET-listed share sales are exempt while most other gains are taxed as income, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Inheritance tax 5–10% above THB 100m. LTR visa holders can shelter foreign income.
  • 🇹🇼 Taiwan — Progressive tax up to 40% on Taiwan-source income; foreign income only under the 20% alternative minimum tax above NTD 7.5m. Securities gains tax is suspended and property gains follow a separate 15–45% regime, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Not a CRS participant (bilateral AEOI with Japan, Australia, UK). Estate and gift tax 10–20%.
  • 🇧🇬 Bulgaria — Flat 10% for both individuals and companies — among the EU's lowest; gains on EU-regulated-market listed shares are exempt. Inheritance tax exempts spouses and direct line, otherwise 0.4–6.6%.
  • 🇭🇺 Hungary — The EU's lowest corporate rate at 9%; flat 15% personal income tax and 15% capital gains. Inheritance duty is generally 18% but direct relatives and spouses are exempt.
  • 🇲🇪 Montenegro — Personal rates 9%/15%, capital gains 15%, corporate 9–15% progressive. Inheritance tax around 3%, direct line exempt.
  • 🇦🇲 Armenia — Flat 20% personal, 18% corporate. Individual capital gains vary widely by asset and counterparty (individual-to-individual property sales largely exempt; sales to entities 10%/20%), so no single capital gains rate is shown. First CRS exchanges from September 2025.
  • 🇰🇭 Cambodia — Salary tax up to 20%, corporate 20%. The 20% capital gains tax has been repeatedly postponed, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Not a CRS participant.
  • 🇪🇪 Estonia — Flat 22% personal rate from 2025, gains taxed as income at the same rate. Corporate tax only on distributed profits (22/78); retained earnings untaxed. No inheritance or wealth taxes.
  • 🇨🇿 Czech Republic — Two personal bands of 15%/23%. Gains are taxed as income, but securities held 3+ years are exempt (CZK 40m annual cap since 2025). Inheritances are income-tax exempt; no wealth tax.
  • 🇵🇱 Poland — Progressive 12%/32% (plus a 4% solidarity levy above PLN 1m), investment gains 19%. Inheritance tax exempts close family; others taxed by relationship class.
  • 🇨🇦 Canada — Federal top rate 33%; combined federal-provincial top rates reach about 54%. Capital gains are 50% includible (effective top around 27%), so no single capital gains rate is shown. Corporate 15% federal (roughly 26.5% combined). No estate tax, but deemed disposition at death triggers capital gains tax.
  • 🇨🇾 Cyprus — Top rate 35%. Securities gains are exempt; only gains tied to Cyprus real estate are taxed at 20%. No estate or wealth taxes. The non-dom regime exempts dividends and interest from SDC for 17 years — very investor-friendly.
  • 🇩🇲 Dominica — CBI country. Residents are taxed on worldwide income at up to 35%; no capital gains, estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇮🇩 Indonesia — Top rate 35% on worldwide income for residents. Capital gains are mostly handled via final taxes — 0.1% of proceeds for listed shares, 2.5% on land/building transfers — with no single rate, so no single capital gains rate is shown.
  • 🇺🇸 United States — The only major citizenship-based tax system: citizens and green-card holders file on worldwide income wherever they live. Long-term capital gains top out at 20% (plus 3.8% NIIT). The US is NOT a CRS participant — it relies on FATCA instead. Estate tax up to 40% (exemption around USD 15m from 2026).
  • 🇳🇿 New Zealand — No general capital gains tax (bright-line property rules aside), no estate or wealth taxes; top personal rate 39%. New migrants get a 4-year transitional exemption on foreign passive income.
  • 🇮🇪 Ireland — Top rate 40% (plus USC up to 8%, ~52% combined), CGT 33%, capital acquisitions tax 33% on inheritances/gifts. Non-domiciled residents can use the remittance basis. Corporate 12.5% (15% for large groups).
  • 🇹🇷 Turkey — CBI country. Top personal rate 40% on worldwide income for residents. Most capital gains are taxed at progressive rates, but real estate held over 5 years is exempt and gains on Turkish company shares traded on Borsa Istanbul are not taxed; gains on shares traded on foreign exchanges must be declared, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Inheritance tax 1–10%.
  • 🇱🇺 Luxembourg — Nominal top rate 42% (45.78% effective with the employment-fund surcharge). Securities gains are exempt after 6 months if the stake is below 10%; substantial participations taxed at half rates. Corporate 23.87% aggregate in Luxembourg City. Inheritance tax generally exempts the direct line. Personal wealth tax abolished.
  • 🇮🇹 Italy — Top rate 43% (plus 1–3% local surcharges), financial gains 26%. New residents can elect a EUR 300k annual substitute tax on foreign income. Inheritance tax is a mild 4–8% with high allowances; small IVIE/IVAFE levies on foreign assets.
  • 🇬🇷 Greece — Golden-visa hub. Top rate 44% (on income above EUR 60,000), securities gains 15%, though gains on listed shares where the holding is below 0.5% and on Greek or EU/EEA UCITS funds are exempt. New HNW residents can elect a EUR 100k annual lump-sum tax on foreign income. Inheritance tax up to 10% for close relatives. ENFIA annual property tax applies.
  • 🇦🇺 Australia — Top personal rate 45% (plus 2% Medicare levy). Capital gains are taxed as income with a 50% discount after 12 months (effective top about 23.5%), so no single capital gains rate is shown. Corporate 30% (25% for small companies). No estate or wealth taxes.
  • 🇨🇳 China — Tax residents are taxed on worldwide income; top marginal rate 45%, capital gains generally 20%. Gains on transferring domestically listed shares are temporarily exempt, as are gains on selling a home used for over five years that is the family's only residence. No estate or wealth tax at present, though both have been discussed for years.
  • 🇫🇷 France — Top rate 45% (plus 3–4% high-income surcharge), 30% flat tax (PFU) on financial gains. Real-estate wealth tax (IFI) applies; inheritance tax up to 45% direct line and 60% for unrelated heirs — plan before relocating.
  • 🇩🇪 Germany — Top rate 45% (plus 5.5% solidarity surcharge); investment gains 26.375% including surcharge. Corporate 15% federal, about 30% combined with surcharge and trade tax. Inheritance tax 7–50% by relationship and amount. No current wealth tax.
  • 🇯🇵 Japan — National top rate 45% (plus 10% local inhabitant tax, ~55% combined). Listed securities gains 20.315%. Effective corporate rate around 30%. Inheritance tax up to 55% — among the world's highest; plan before long-term residence.
  • 🇰🇷 South Korea — Top rate 45% (plus 10% local income tax, 49.5% combined). Capital gains vary widely by asset: minor listed-share holders generally untaxed, major shareholders 22–27.5% including local tax, so no single capital gains rate is shown. Inheritance tax up to 50%.
  • 🇬🇧 United Kingdom — Top rate 45%, CGT up to 24%, inheritance tax 40%. The remittance-basis non-dom regime was abolished in April 2025, replaced by a 4-year foreign income and gains (FIG) exemption for new arrivals.
  • 🇪🇸 Spain — General income taxed up to 47% at state level (higher in some regions); savings income including capital gains at 19–30%. Wealth tax plus the large-fortunes solidarity tax and inheritance tax apply — plan before relocating.
  • 🇳🇴 Norway — Top marginal rate about 47.4%; share gains effectively 37.84% after the upward adjustment factor. Wealth tax of ~1.0–1.1% applies and exit taxation has tightened, driving a noted HNW outflow. No inheritance tax since 2014.
  • 🇵🇹 Portugal — Golden-visa hub. Top personal rate 48% (plus solidarity surcharge up to 5%). Securities gains generally at a 28% flat rate. Corporate rate cut to 19% for 2026 with a path toward 17%. No inheritance tax; 10% stamp duty for non-direct-line heirs.
  • 🇳🇱 Netherlands — Top rate 49.5%. No realized capital gains tax; instead Box 3 taxes a deemed return on assets at ~36% (regime under reform) — effectively a wealth-based tax, so no single capital gains rate is shown and the wealth tax column is marked Yes. Inheritance tax 10–40%.
  • 🇧🇪 Belgium — Top rate 50% (plus ~7% municipal surcharge). From 1 Jan 2026 a 10% tax applies to financial-asset gains (EUR 10k annual exemption; pre-2026 historic gains grandfathered). A 0.15% annual securities-account tax also applies. Regional inheritance tax, 3–30% direct line.
  • 🇩🇰 Denmark — Combined top rate about 52% (roughly 55.9% including the labour-market contribution); share income above the threshold taxed at 42%. Estate duty 15%, spouses exempt.
  • 🇸🇪 Sweden — Combined national and municipal top rate about 52% (varies by municipality), capital income 30%. Inheritance tax abolished in 2005 and wealth tax in 2007.
  • 🇦🇹 Austria — Top rate 55% (on income above EUR 1m), investment gains 27.5%. No inheritance tax since 2008 and no wealth tax.
  • 🇫🇮 Finland — Combined national and municipal top marginal rate is roughly 55–57% depending on municipality, so no single top personal income tax rate is shown. Capital income 30%, 34% above EUR 30k. Inheritance tax up to 19% direct line, 33% others.
  • 🇷🇸 Serbia — Salary tax 10% with an additional annual tax of 10–15% above thresholds, so the effective top marginal rate depends on structure and no single top personal income tax rate is shown. Capital gains 15%. Not in CRS automatic exchange (information on request only) — one of Europe's few non-CRS states. Inheritance tax 1.5–2.5%, direct line exempt.
  • 🇨🇭 Switzerland — Rates are canton-driven: federal personal top rate 11.5% with combined rates around 22–45%, corporate roughly 12–21%, so no single top personal income tax rate or corporate tax rate is shown. Private capital gains on movable assets are tax-exempt. Cantonal wealth taxes apply; inheritance taxes are cantonal with spouses/children mostly exempt. Lump-sum taxation available for foreigners.

CRS and FATCA: a second passport in the transparency era

The CRS (Common Reporting Standard) is an automatic exchange system for financial account information, with over 100 participating jurisdictions. Balances, interest, dividends and proceeds in your bank, brokerage and insurance accounts are reported by local financial institutions and automatically exchanged with your jurisdiction of tax residence.

The key point: financial institutions look at tax residence, not passports. Account self-certification requires declaring every tax residence; an extra passport does not change CRS reporting by itself — only a genuine move of tax residence (home, days of stay, center of life) does. Concealing tax residence with a false declaration is illegal in most jurisdictions.

The United States is the only major economy outside the CRS: it uses FATCA to require foreign financial institutions to report accounts held by US persons, while providing limited information in return. That asymmetry is one reason some families treat the US as a special case — though US citizens and green card holders themselves face worldwide taxation and FATCA reporting obligations.

Macro context: central government tax revenue as % of GDP

Macro context: central government tax revenue as % of GDP

This is a macro fiscal indicator — central government tax revenue relative to GDP. It excludes subnational taxes and most social security contributions, so it does not represent the overall tax burden, and it is not the same thing as an individual tax burden; do not mix the two.

JurisdictionCentral government tax revenue / GDP
🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda AG—
🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis KN—
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates AE0.6%
🇻🇺 Vanuatu VU16.5%
🇳🇷 Nauru NR21.4%
🇵🇾 Paraguay PY11.3%
🇲🇴 Macao MO27.4%
🇭🇰 Hong Kong HK—
🇬🇪 Georgia GE24.3%
🇵🇦 Panama PA7.2%
🇬🇩 Grenada GD—
🇲🇾 Malaysia MY12.4%
🇲🇺 Mauritius MU20.5%
🇸🇬 Singapore SG13.6%
🇱🇨 Saint Lucia LC—
🇲🇹 Malta MT24.1%
🇹🇭 Thailand TH15.2%
🇹🇼 Taiwan TW—
🇧🇬 Bulgaria BG20.7%
🇭🇺 Hungary HU22.7%
🇲🇪 Montenegro ME—
🇦🇲 Armenia AM22.4%
🇰🇭 Cambodia KH12.2%
🇪🇪 Estonia EE22.7%
🇨🇿 Czech Republic CZ18.6%
🇵🇱 Poland PL18.0%
🇨🇦 Canada CA13.7%
🇨🇾 Cyprus CY23.9%
🇩🇲 Dominica DM—
🇮🇩 Indonesia ID—
🇺🇸 United States US10.8%
🇳🇿 New Zealand NZ29.5%
🇮🇪 Ireland IE17.9%
🇹🇷 Turkey TR17.6%
🇱🇺 Luxembourg LU28.6%
🇮🇹 Italy IT25.6%
🇬🇷 Greece GR27.4%
🇦🇺 Australia AU—
🇨🇳 China CN7.0%
🇫🇷 France FR22.8%
🇩🇪 Germany DE10.9%
🇯🇵 Japan JP—
🇰🇷 South Korea KR13.3%
🇬🇧 United Kingdom GB26.9%
🇪🇸 Spain ES14.9%
🇳🇴 Norway NO24.5%
🇵🇹 Portugal PT22.3%
🇳🇱 Netherlands NL25.3%
🇧🇪 Belgium BE23.0%
🇩🇰 Denmark DK33.4%
🇸🇪 Sweden SE27.2%
🇦🇹 Austria AT25.8%
🇫🇮 Finland FI25.3%
🇷🇸 Serbia RS—
🇨🇭 Switzerland CH9.5%